Selecting Projects,选择项目，
Tally Options统计选项

But in selecting projects a voter can be precise, using his money only for his set of priorities.但是，在选择项目的选民可以准确，只用他的钱，他的优先事项。

This page concerns theoretical/experimental issues for fair-share (FS) tallies, issues which probably interest professors but not users.这页的关注理论/实验问题的公平分享率（ FS ）统计，这些问题可能感兴趣的教授而不是用户。 Paragraphs [ in brackets ] have little importance.第[括号中]没有什么重要的意义。

The MMV rules are still under development and so is this page.蓝牙影音娱乐通MMV规则仍在发展，因此这一页。 It is updated occasionally to refine ideas not style.这是偶尔更新改进思想没有风格。 It may contain mis-statements or errors in logic or both.它可能包含错误的陈述或错误的逻辑或两者兼施。 Constructive criticism from readers is needed and welcomed.建设性的批评，从读者需要和欢迎。

Tally Options 统计选项

In simple versions of Suspension STV, a ballot's single vote passes down the voter's list of choices, past candidates which have already been elected or suspended, and on to the highest choice in need of votes.简单版本的悬浮超视，投票方式进行的单票通过了选民名单的选择，过去的候选人已经选出或中止，并在最高的选择需要的票数。 Any higher choice that has been suspended gets a suspended vote from that ballot.任何更高的选择，已被暂停得到暂停投票，投票。

The following examples are given as simple elections for clarity.下面的例子给出了简单的选举清晰。

In a single-seat election, Suspended Votes (SVs) elects the Condorcet Winner (CW) because it ends by comparing pairs.在单议席的选举，中止投票 （ SVs ）选举孔胜利者 （ CW ）中，因为它结束了比较对。

                          AB |  C                         . AB公司 | ç 。 

Eliminate B, squeezed in the middle.消除乙，挤在中间。
Eliminate A, farther from the center than C.消除，远离中心比角
C gets 100% of the regular votes. ç得到100 ％的定期票。
But B now gets the 51% quota in SVs.但是，乙现在获得51 ％的配额SVs 。
(A does not.) （阿不） 。
So B is reinstated.所以B是复职。
B beats C, which no longer gets quota.乙节拍ć ，不再获得配额。
Eliminate C.消除角
B gets 100% of the regular votes.乙得到100 ％的定期票。
No candidate gets the 51% quota in SVs.没有候选人获得51 ％的配额SVs 。

Suspended Votes elects the Condorcet Winner (CW) if there is one because it ends with a series of one-against-one comparisons.暂停投票选出得奖者的孔（ CW ）中如果有一个，因为它最后提出了一系列的打击，一比较。 But if there is a voting cycle , the tally loops endlessly because every candidate has at least one rival who gets suspended votes from more than 50% of voters.但是，如果有一个投票周期 ，计数循环不已，因为每个候选人至少有一个竞争对手谁得到暂停票超过50 ％的选民。 So this is not a "Condorcet-completion" rule.因此，这是不是一个“孔完成”规则。 It is harder to tally than the Pairwise table.这是难以统计比成对就座。

Donald Davidson at the University of Michigan proposed instant Runoff voting Without Elimination (RWE).唐纳德戴维森密歇根大学提出即时径流未能消除（ RWE的） 。 He hoped it could unite advocates of elimination IRV together with fans of Condorcet's Pairwise criterion.他希望它能够团结主张消除通气与球迷的孔的配对标准。 But the IRV supporters doubted the public would accept RWE as readily as IRV.但通气支持者怀疑市民将接受RWE的是容易的通气。

Suspended Votes can speed finding a CPO-STV set of winners or a close approximation.暂停投票可以加速寻找棕榈油 ， 超视一套获奖或接近。 That is hardest to do when funding projects with a wide range of costs.这是最难做的项目提供资金时，与范围广泛的费用。 Accurate Democracy has recommended project tallies using SVs since 1996.准确的民主推荐项目符合1996年以来使用SVs 。 (Back then the site was hosted by AOL and called "Democracy Evolves".) PoliticalSim's help files recommended SVs several years earlier. （当时该网站是由美国在线和所谓“民主演进” 。 ） PoliticalSim的帮助文件，建议SVs几年前。

Here again is our example with 7 voters choosing 1 winner from 4 candidates or proposals -- which are labeled A, B, C and D.这里又是我们的榜样7选民选择1冠军由4名候选人或建议-这是标有A ， B ， C和D

Table I d 表一d	7 Ballots 7搅珠
4 Ranks 4队伍	Uri开放	Nic网卡	Mo密苏里	Lil律	Kit试剂盒	Jo赵	Gil吉尔
1st第一 2nd第二 3rd第三 4th第四	A 字母a B 乙 C ç D D	B 乙 C ç A 字母a D D	B 乙 C ç D D A 字母a	C ç B 乙 D D A 字母a	D D C ç B 乙 A 字母a	D D C ç A 字母a B 乙	D D A 字母a C ç B 乙

In step 1 below, no one gets a majority. Candidates A and C each have only 1 ballot so they are tied for last. C ranks higher on most ballots so in step 1 we eliminate A and move Uri's ballot to his next choice, B . 在步骤1下面 ， 没有人获得多数 。 考生A和 C都只有1票 ， 以便他们并列最后 。 ç行列高 ， 大多数选票 ， 以便在步骤1中 ， 我们消除和转移我们的投票 ， 以他的下一个选择 ，乙。

Candidate B is the first to win a majority. But as soon as D is suspended, another suspended candidate, C, wins votes from 4 ballots prior them to passing those votes to B. So C is reinstated. 候选人B是第一个赢得多数票 。 但当D是暂停 ， 暂停另一候选人 ，丙， 赢得选票 ， 4票事先他们通过这些票对湾所以C是复职 。 C then wins a majority and when B is suspended, no one wins a majority in suspended votes. ç然后赢得了多数派和暂停时 ， B是 ， 没有人赢得了多数选票暂停 。 So C is our winner by Runoff Without Elimination. Click here to reset the ballots and the Instant Runoff table. 因此 ， C是我们的冠军的径流没有消除 。按此重置选票和即时径流就座 。

Click a ballot (in Table I) to highlight the candidate totals (in Table II) which that ballot helps. 点击投票 （表一） ，强调候选人总数（见表二） ，其中，投票帮助。 Or click on a candidate's total (in Table II) to check which ballots (in Table I) add to it.或点击候选人的合计（表二）检查的选票（表一）添加到它。 You can see that there is more than one majority even in this small group with 7 voters.  Proposals B and C each win a majority; so it is not accurate to claim either of them wins the majority.你可以看到，有一个以上的多数即使在这个小团体7选民。提案B和C各赢得多数席位，因此它是不准确的要求其中一人赢得了多数。

You can see the same votes tallied by Condorcet's Pairwise Tournament or normal Instant Runoff Voting .您可以看到相同的选票由孔的配对赛或正常即时径流投票 。 A change of one rank by Uri will show how manipulation may create a voting cycle .改变一个等级的开放将展示如何操纵可能会创建一个投票周期 。

Here is a very simple example showing some of the twists and turns a SV tally can take.这里是一个非常简单的例子显示一些曲折和一队统计可以。 Both examples have 40 voters electing 3 reps so the Droop quota is 11 votes.上述两个例子有40选民选出3名代表，因此下垂的配额是11票。 For simplicity, 2 candidates win on the first count.为了简洁明了， 2名候选人赢得的第一个伯爵。

    AB | CDE . AB公司 | 光盘 。 

Elimination STV elects A, E, B. Suspension STV elects A, E, C. This change saddens the 7 BC voters; but it pleases the 3 CB, 2 CD and 6 DC voters.消除基金会还选举产生，电子湾悬浮基金会还选出一名，英，角这一变化伤心7公元前选民;但高兴的3炭黑， 2 CD和6直流选民。 So the affected voters prefer C to B by 11 to 7.因此，受影响的选民更喜欢C至乙11 ， 7 。

Suspending offers leaves a ballot's weight pending for more items than it can afford.暂停提供叶片选票的体重等待更多的项目相比，能够负担得起。 So after the first suspension, the tally can fund new winners only 1 at a time .因此，在第一次暂停，计数可基金新的赢家只有1人 。 Otherwise a ballot might spend its last weight on both reserved and (several) suspended items.否则选票可能花费最后体重都保留和（若干）暂停项目。 (This is not an issue with Meek-style transferable votes.) （这不是一个问题，米克式转让票。 ）

Suspended votes are the votes a suspended item would get if it were reinstated.暂停票的投票将被暂停的项目，如果它获得了恢复。 It is easiest to calculate them after the regular tally, reinstate all items that get a quota or more of suspended votes, and resume the tally.这是最简单的计算后，他们经常吻合，恢复所有项目获得更多的配额或暂停投票，并恢复计数。 (A tally could reinstate 1 at a time, largest percentage over quota first, or reinstate suspended items as soon as they reach quota. But these options take longer to calculate and might create cycles.) Each of these paths can reduce the affect of the sequential order of suspensions. （计数1可以恢复的时间，最大的百分比超过配额第一次，或恢复暂停的项目，尽快为他们达成的配额。但是，这些选择需要更长的时间来计算，并可能造成周期。 ）每个路径可以减少的影响按顺序的禁赛处罚。 If formerly suspended items win, they must displace 1 or more previous winners.如果以前暂停项目比赛，他们必须取代1个或多个先前的赢家。 The notes on "delete last loser" and "sticky items" help show why this can result in a more intensely- or broadly-popular set of winners.该债券在“ 删除最后的输家 ”和“ 黏项目 ”有助于说明为什么这可能会导致出现一个更为激烈的或广泛流行的赢家。

[ Ties [ 领带

[ There is a more accurate way to find the item least likely to get more offers. [有一个更准确地找到了这个项目最有可能得到更多的优惠。 Each ballot gets 10% more weight for a tie-breaker vote, 10% times weight not yet contributed (as though another top choice were suspended and its money could shift to a tied item).每次投票中获得10 ％的重量为抢七表决， 10 ％倍体重尚未捐款（好像另一个首选暂停其资金可转向捆绑项目） 。 If that fails to break the tie, a larger percentage is used.如果失败，打破领带，一个更大的比例使用。 (Allowing suspended votes to reinstate an item greatly reduces the importance of this tie breaking rule.) （允许暂停票恢复的项目大大减少的重要性，这条领带打破规则。 ）

[ Ties are also uncommon among winners. [关系中也少见的赢家。 Two or more may reach quota immediately after the suspension and transfer of money from another item.两个或两个以上的可达到配额后立即中止和转移资金从另一个项目。 Again there are several ways to break ties.再次有几种方法断交。 The best method funds the 1 which had the most initial offers.资金的最佳方法的1这是最初步应允。 It has few offers transferred down from suspended items.它很少提供转移从暂停的项目。 If some items are still tied, use the ranks of items from the Condorcet Series.如果某些项目仍然并列，使用队伍的项目从孔系列。 Fund whichever tied item was most popular according to Condorcet's rule.基金两者并列最受欢迎的项目是根据孔的规则。 Very few ties will need to be broken randomly.极少数关系将需要打破随机。 (This is not an issue with Meek-style transferable votes.) （这不是一个问题，米克式转让票。 ）

[ Collecting Contributions [ 收集会费

[ a) Immediately collect contributions when the item reaches quota; then declare the item closed. [ a ） 立即收集捐款时，该项目达到配额;然后宣布该项目关闭。 Since these are the ballots that enthusiastically gave high ranks to that item, this way probably leads to a high average contribution and budget.因为这些选票的热情给予了高度评价该项目队伍，这样可能导致较高的平均贡献和预算。 If so, then few items will be funded.如果是这样的话，那么几个项目将资助。 Also a few voters will contribute a lot of their weight to each winner, and each voter will help fund only a few items.还有一些选民将有助于很多自己的体重每冠军，每个选民将有助于基金只有少数几个项目。

[ The next 3 methods often lower item budgets because a voter who gives a low rank probably gives a low budget. [在接下来的3方法往往较低项目预算，因为选民谁给出了低级别可能使预算过低。 They also catch free riders who rank sure losers as their top preferences -- so as not to spend weight on the early winners.他们还赶上搭便车排名肯定输家谁是他们最优惠-以便不花重的早期赢家。

[ b) Continue collecting offers made later to an item that has already reached quota and has taken contributions. [二） 继续收集提供的奖学金后，一个项目已经达到配额，并已采取的贡献。 Early contributors will get some weight back.早期贡献者将获得一些体重回来。 (Recall that each voter's contribution was his preferred budget / actual number of contributors. If his budget is divided by a larger number of contributors, his contribution is smaller.) （回收，每个选民的贡献是他的首选预算/实际数目的捐款。如果他的预算是除以大量的捐助，他的贡献较小。 ）

[ c) Delay collection until the end of the tally. [三） 延迟收集到年底统计。 Letting a ballot keep its weight till the end holds open its chance to fund a high-ranking suspended item, B , and drop lower-ranked winner G .让一个投票保持其重量到年底举行公开其机会基金一位高层暂停项目， B和下拉低级别冠军G 。 But we know that several other ballots ranked G above B because G won before B did.但我们知道，其他一些投票排名G以上b由于G韩元前B没有。 (Or, if quota is proportional to cost and B costs more than G , we can say G has more contributors relative to cost than B does.) Letting B win must not cause G to lose. （或者，如果配额比例的费用成本和 B以上则我们可以说G有更多的贡献相对成本比 B没有。 ）让乙赢得不得造成G的损失。

[ (This is similar to rules for STV transfers by Meek and by Warren. A key change: if there is money left over after 1 complete tally, MMV must revive suspended items which cost less than the amount leftover and which won their quota in suspended votes, then continue the tally.) [ （这是类似的规则，超视转让米克和沃伦。一个关键的变化：如果没有钱后留下1完全吻合，蓝牙影音娱乐通MMV必须恢复暂停的项目费用低于剩余的金额，并赢得他们的配额暂停票，然后继续计数。 ）

[ d) Release frees offers reserved for sticky items . [四） 发行释放提供预留粘性项目 。 A "sticky" item can almost but not quite reach quota.一个“粘”项目几乎可以，但没有完全达到配额。 A "stuck" ballot's weight remains reserved for such an item.一个“坚持”选票的份量仍然保留这样一个项目。 The item gets eliminated late in the tally.该项目被取消后计数。 But by then many of the ballot's other top preferences have also been eliminated.但那时许多选票的其他优惠也被取消。 So some of the voter's weight goes to a very low preference or is not spent at all.因此，一些选民的体重都到了非常低的优惠或不花的。 The tally is run again and releases votes reserved for sticky items (previous losers) 1 item at a time.统计再次执行和发布票保留粘性项目（前失败者） 1个项目的时间。 This might be called delete last loser.这可能是所谓的删除最后的输家。

[ Each loser may yet win, but the voter's weight also may help his other top choices. [每个失败者还可能获胜，但选民的体重也有可能帮助他的其他选择。 When a ballot's losing votes all have been released, its weight is all reserved for winners of the previous tally or contributed to new winners.当选票的丢选票都被释放，其重量是所有获奖者保留了上届统计或促成新的赢家。 When no weight is reserved for losers on any ballot, then winners of the previous tally may win.如果没有保留的体重是失败者的任何投票中，然后比赛前数可能获胜。 The process may be repeated until the list of winners is the same for 2 consecutive tallies.这个过程可能会重复，直到获奖名单是相同的连续2个吻合。 But it does not always resolve; it may lead to a cycle.但它并不总是解决，它可能导致的恶性循环。

[ Like collecting late offers, this process catches free riders. [诸如收集提供下旬，这一进程渔获搭便车。 Collecting late offers is easier to explain but releasing losers might be faster or more fair.收集提供后期更容易解释，但释放的输家可能会更快或更公平。 They can work together.他们可以一起工作。

Exhausted ballots 用尽投票

(It might help to tag an exhausted ballot as such, then make it give the MaxVote to any preference that wins. [But do not give MaxVote before an item wins; that would create an incentive for bullet voting.] This follows Newbury and Britton's 1973 method for using up weight from exhausted ballots under STV.) （这可能有助于标记筋疲力尽的投票等，然后给它的任何偏好MaxVote的胜利。 [但不给MaxVote前一个项目冠军，这将创造一个鼓励子弹表决。 ]在此之前，纽伯里和布里顿的1973年的方法使用了重量从下用尽票数超视。 ）

Labor Hours 工时

C) Link the money and labor tallies.  Say a first-choice project, A, needs no hours, so it uses no space under the hours curve.  The second-choice project, B, then is at the high end of the hours curve and could get a high labor vote, more than 1 offer.  But let's say the first choice uses a lot of the money curve; so the second choice is not high on the money curve.丙类）链接的资金和劳动力统计。讲的首选项目，这是一个需要没有时间，所以使用任何空间根据小时曲线。第二选择项目，乙，然后是在高端的时间曲线并可能获得较高的劳动投票，超过1提供。但是让我们说的第一选择使用了大量的资金曲线;因此，第二选择是不高的奖金曲线。 It might not get even 1 vote according to its area under that curve.它可能没有得到甚至1票根据其职权范围内根据该曲线。

We must use the smaller of the two votes.我们必须使用较小的两票。 In this case the money vote for B times 1 offer of hours will limit its area and width on the hours curve, even though it is at the tall side of that curve.  This ballot is likely to end up with surplus hours.  But it still could give a large vote to a project which needs little or no money, just a lot of hours.在这种情况下，钱票的B次1小时将提供限制其面积和宽度的时间曲线，即使是在身高方面的曲线。本次投票有可能最终盈余小时。但它仍然可以给一个大的项目进行表决，需要很少或根本没有钱，只是大量的时间。

Ballots which lack money or hours may join resource pools which trade money for hours at a pre-set rate, say $20 an hour.  Even with pools to exchange resources, 1 will run out before the other.选票缺乏资金或时间可能会加入资源库的贸易资金小时，预先设定的速度，说20美元一个小时。即使交换资源库， 1将耗尽之前，其他。

Conclusion 结论

At least 2 innovations need more development:至少2个创新需要更多的发展：
1) conditional votes and 1 ）有条件的选票，
2) comparing alternate winners.  (Tideman's CPO-STV compares sets of reps, but, unlike projects, all reps have equal quotas or costs and the typical voter gives almost all his weight to 1 rep making comparisons much easier.) 2 ）比较候补赢家。 （泰德曼的棕榈油，基金会还比较两套代表，但是，与项目，所有代表都享有平等的配额或费用和典型的选民提供几乎所有他的体重为1代表比较容易得多。 ）
These problems will be solved best through simulation and practice.  The first people to put fair-share spending to work will discover more opportunities for innovation.  Perhaps 1 way of collecting contributions will prove best for votes by 30 to 300 people and a simpler way for larger groups.  They might find ratings unnecessary -- grading may be best for most groups.这些问题将得到解决最好通过模拟和实践。第一人民把公平分享开支工作将发现更多的创新机会。也许1方式收集捐款将证明最好的票了30至300人，并提供更简单的方式为较大的群体。他们可能会发现评级不必要-分级可能是最适合大多数群体。