Accurate Democracy 准确的民主 
Central Chairperson. 中央主席 。 
Instant Runoff. 即时径流 。 print. translate. 打印 。转化。
| Accurate Democracy 准确的民主 | Election Systems. 选举制度 。 Central Chairperson. 中央主席 。 Instant Runoff. 即时径流 。 print. translate. 打印 。转化。 |
 | Instant Runoff Voting即时径流投票 | |
One way to avoid splitting groups of voters, called Instant Runoff Voting or IRV , has been used in Australia's national elections since 1919.其中一个方法，以避免分裂集团的选民，要求即时径流投票或通气 ，使用了在澳大利亚的全国大选中自1919年。 IRV uses the same preference-rank ballots as Condorcet's rule.通气使用相同的优先级的孔多张选票的规则。 But the way it counts ballots is totally different.但是罪状的方式是完全不同的选票。 Here is an analogy: Each candidate puts out a box.下面是一个比喻：每名候选人提出了一个方块。 A voter puts his ballot in his favorite candidate's box.把他的选民投票中他最喜欢的候选人的方块。 The ballots are counted.选票也将计入。 If the box gets a majority of the ballots, it wins.如果中获得过半数的选票，它的胜利。 If not, the voter moves his ballot to another candidate's box.如果不是这样，选民将投票给他的另一位候选人的盒子。 Or, he waits, hoping others will move their ballots to his favorite box.或者，他会等待，希望其他人将他们的选票，他最喜欢的方块。 To break that deadlock, we have a rule: If a round of counting ballots finds no winner, the box with the fewest votes is eliminated .为了打破僵局，我们有一个原则：如果一个计数轮投票认定没有赢家，中最少票被淘汰 。 Its ballots go to each voter's next (2nd) choice -- probably a candidate with similar views and more popularity.其票数去每个选民的下一个（ 2 ）选择-可能的候选人与相似的看法，更受欢迎。 These transfers make voters condense into large groups supporting strong candidates.这些转让使凝结成的选民支持大集团强有力的候选人。 Ballots are counted again to see if any candidate gets half of the current top ranks.张临时选票没有再次看到如果任何候选人获得半数目前高层。 In practice, each voter ranks the candidates as 1st choice, 2nd choice, 3rd etc. Then election officials move ballots between boxes or a computer tallies them.在实践中，每个候选人的选民队伍作为第一选择，第二选择，第三等然后投票选举官员之间移动箱子或计算机统计它们。 Ranking a second choice can't hurt your first choice -- the second does not count unless the first choice has lost.排名第二的选择不能伤害你的第一选择-第二次不计数的首选，除非已经失去了。 Here again is our example with 7 voters choosing 1 winner from 4 candidates -- which are labeled A, B, C and D. Click a ballot (in Table I) to highlight the candidate totals (in Table II) which that ballot helps.这里又是我们的榜样7选民选择1冠军由4名候选人-这是标有A ， B ， C和D 点击投票 （表一） ，强调候选人总数（见表二） ，其中，投票帮助。 Or click on a candidate's total (in Table II) to check which ballots (in Table I) add to it.或点击候选人的合计（表二）检查的选票（表一）添加到它。
In step 1 below, no one gets a majority. Candidates A and C each have only 1 ballot so they are tied for last. C ranks higher on most ballots so in step 1 we eliminate A and move Uri's ballot to his next choice, B . 在步骤1下面 ， 没有人获得多数 。 考生A和 C都只有1票 ， 以便他们并列最后 。 ç行列高 ， 大多数选票 ， 以便在步骤1中 ， 我们消除和转移我们的投票 ， 以他的下一个选择 ，乙。
The ballot transfers organized these voters into large groups supporting strong options. Who wins by plurality rule?选票转移到这些选民举办大型团体支持强大的选择。 微弱优势获胜的多元化规则 ？ Hint: look at step 1. 提示 ： 看第1步 。 Four of the 7 ballots rank IRV winner B over plurality winner D . But a different 4 of the 7 voters ranked Condorcet winner C over B . 四年的7张选票排名通气超过多元化乙冠军得主D 。 但不同的4位选民的7孔冠军ç超过乙 。 Condorcet rules find a majority which is insurmountable, the "top majority".孔规则找到一个大多数是不可逾越的“最大多数” 。 Thus Condorcet's pairwise rule is sometimes better than the IRV elimination rule for electing a single central winner, but usually both rules pick the same winner.因此，孔的成对规则有时优于通气消除规则，单一的中央选举冠军，但通常都选择相同的规则赢家。 Merits of IRV 是非曲直通气Moderate candidates get a better chance to win election.温和的候选人获得一个更好的机会赢得大选。 We too often see a far-right candidate lead a couple thousand zealous supporters to vote in a primary election, and so win the Republican nomination in a district that always elects that party's nominee.我们常常看到一个极右翼候选人导致一对夫妇1000热心支持者投票初选，因此赢得了共和党总统候选人提名的选举区，始终是党的提名。 A mirror image may occur in districts controlled by the Democrats.的镜像，可能会出现在所控制地区的民主党人。 IRV can reduce the chances of that by combining the primary with the general election, greatly increasing the number of Republican voters and independents who help select their party's representative.通气可以减少这种结合的主要的换届选举，极大地增加了一些共和党选民和独立谁帮助选择党的代表。 The following is from the "Elevator Pitch for Instant Runoff Voting" which fits on business cards.以下是从“ 电梯球场即时径流投票 ”适合名片上印上。 The results of Instant Runoff Voting are: 该结果即时径流投票 ：
Australians call IRV "Alternative Vote" or "Majority Preferential Voting" and use it to elect their lower house of parliament and the mayors of all their major cities.澳大利亚人呼吁通气“另类投票”或“多数优惠选举” ，并用它来选举自己的议会下院和市长他们的所有主要城市。 The Irish use it to elect their president and mayors.爱尔兰使用它来选举他们的总统和市长。 Academics often call it Single Transferable Vote or STV , a name that describes the tally process: each voter casts a single vote which can transfer during steps of the runoff.学者通常称之为单转让投票或超视 ，一个名称，描述统计过程：每个选民投下一票，可以在步骤转移的径流。 IRV is used at many American universities and colleges including Cal Tech, Carleton, Clark, Clemson, Dartmouth, Duke, Harvard, Johns Hopkins, Macalester, MIT, Portland State, Princeton, Reed, Rice, Stanford, Tufts, UC Berkeley, UC Chico, UC Davis, UCLA,UC San Diego, University of Illinois (Champaign-Urbana), University of Maryland, University of Minnesota, University of Oklahoma, University of Virginia, University of Washington, University of Wisconsin, Vassar, William and Mary, Wake Forest, and Whitman.通气是用来在美国许多大学和学院，包括加州理工学院，查尔顿，克拉克，克莱姆森，达特茅斯大学，杜克大学，哈佛大学，约翰霍普金斯大学，麦卡莱斯特，麻省理工学院，波特兰州立，普林斯顿大学，里德，水稻，斯坦福大学，塔夫茨，加州大学伯克利分校，加州大学奇科，加州大学戴维斯分校，加州大学洛杉矶分校，加州大学圣地亚哥，伊利诺大学（香槟-厄巴） ，马里兰大学，明尼苏达大学，俄克拉何马大学，弗吉尼亚大学，华盛顿大学，威斯康星大学，瓦萨，威廉和玛丽学院，威克岛森林，惠特曼。
Comparing single-winner rules 比较单一得主规则Plurality rule rewards a candidate only for winning first-choice votes; that means winning intense supporters.多元化规则奖励候选人只有赢得第一选择票，这意味着进一步赢得激烈的支持者。 IRV rewards a candidate who wins many firsts (to avoid early elimination) and a majority of high preferences over a rival who also has intense support; this requires some intense support but also a broad appeal.通气奖励候选人谁赢得诸多第一（避免早日消除）和多数高优惠超过竞争对手谁也有激烈的支持，这需要一些激烈的支持，但也有广泛的吸引力。 Condorcet's rule uses all preferences to find the one candidate who can win majorities over each of the rivals, it ignores very intense support to require a broader appeal.孔的规则使用所有的偏好，寻找一名候选人谁能够赢得多数超过每一个对手，却忽视了非常强烈的支持，需要一个更广泛的吸引力。(Approval voting completely ignores intensity of support: a voter's third-choice approval counts as much as his first choice. This may lead to the broadest appeal. But it introduces inaccuracy and motivates tactical voting to prevent a third choice from hurting the first choice.) （核准投票完全无视强度支持：选民的第三选择，批准数多达他的第一选择。这可能导致广泛的吸引力。但这介绍不准确和激励战术投票，以防止第三选择伤害的第一选择。 ） The competitive candidates in a Condorcet election will be close to the political center, and to each other. Under plurality rule that often leads to: 1) no serious policy differences to debate; 2) thus campaigns based only on celebrity and character assassination; and 3) little voter enthusiasm for any candidate.候选人的竞争中孔选举将接近政治中心，并彼此。根据规则，多元化往往导致： 1 ）没有严重的政策分歧进行辩论; 2 ）因此，运动仅仅基于名人和性格暗杀;和3 ）没有任何选民热情的候选人。 But under Condrcet 1) their policies are close to the center; and 2) under Condrcet or IRV candidates who throw mud dirty themselves too when all voters are "obtainable" and valuable.但根据Condrcet 1 ）他们的政策是靠近中心;和2 ）根据Condrcet或通气候选人谁扔泥脏自己也当所有选民“索取”和宝贵的。 Some rules reward a candidate for ads attacking minorities as a divisive "wedge issue" to breakup the opposing coalition.一些规则的候选人悬赏广告攻击少数民族作为一个分裂的“楔问题”的反对联盟解体。 Under plurality rule and majority rules such as runoff and instant runoff, a conservative candidate knows she has no chance of winning traditionally liberal voters, gays for example.根据多数统治和多数规则，如径流和即时径流，一个保守的候选人知道她没有机会赢得传统自由派选民中，同性恋者的例子。 She may seek favor among far-right voters by vilifying gays.她可能寻求青睐极右选民丑化同性恋者。 In a multi-candidate contest under plurality rule she may even denigrate centrists.在一个多候选人竞赛规则下的多元化，她甚至可能诋毁中间派。 Runoff and IRV make that tactic a loser because central voters are the key to winning the final 1 against 1 runoff.径流和通气使这一策略是输家，因为中央选民的关键，赢得了最后的1对1径流。 Under Condorcet's rule each conservative may be ranked by liberals. Many will punish a gay basher with low ranks relative to other conservatives so her gains among far-right voters may be offset by losses among liberals. This rule is not likely to reward the politics of hate. So Condorcet's rule, used by itself, would threaten many politicians who have built careers well to the left or right of center. They could continue those careers in the kind of diverse council explained in the next chapter.根据孔的规则可能是每一个保守排名自由派。许多人将受到惩罚同性恋basher低的队伍相对于其他保守派因此，她的收益之间的极右派选民可能会抵消损失自由派。这项规则是不可能的政治回报仇恨。因此，孔多的规则，使用的本身，将威胁许多政治家谁建立职业以及向左或向右的中心。他们可以继续在这些职业的那种不同的安理会中解释下一章。 IRV is the best rule for electing a chief executive with the power to arbitrarily veto a council's legislation.通气是最好的规则，选举行政长官的权力，随意否决安理会的立法。 To prevent deadlocks between the legislature and the executive, she needs strong ties to a large bloc of reps and IRV makes this very likely: She is almost certain to come from one of the 2 largest parties and to have "coattails", popularity that helps elect reps from her party.为了防止死锁之间的立法机关与行政机关，她需要强有力的关系提高到一个大集团的代表，以及通气使这很可能：她几乎可以肯定是来自一个2最大的党派，并有“荫” ，受欢迎程度，可以帮助当选代表来自她的政党。 IRV will cause little political turmoil. 通气会导致政治动乱很少。 Yet it will ensure that every elected leader wins a majority -- unlike the plurality winners who lack that respectable mandate.然而，这将确保每一个当选的领导人赢得了大多数人-不同的是缺乏多元化赢家谁是受人尊敬的任务。 Thus IRV can strengthen a democracy and is a good step in political evolution.因此通气可以加强民主和是一个很好的步骤，政治演变。 It introduces voters, politicians and election administrators to ranked ballots.它介绍了选民，政治家和选举管理员排名投票。 That will make it easier to introduce the multi-winner form of IRV for reps balanced right and left of center.这将使其更易于采用多形式的通气冠军的代表左，右平衡的中心。 That rule, together with Condorcet chairpersons, can create "mixed member" councils that are inclusive, well-centered and decisive...这条规则，连同孔主持人，可以建立“混合成员”安理会有包容性，以及为中心的和决定性的... as we shall see in the next two chapters.我们将看到在接下来的两章。 In the Korean example, ballots for the weaker liberal could have transferred to elect the stronger one under Instant Runoff Voting.在韩国的例子，选票较弱的自由可以转移到一个更强有力的选举下即时径流投票。
The tabletop tallies page showed an effective way to get students involved in their own IRV tally.在桌面统计页面显示的有效途径，得到学生参与自己的通气吻合。 A later page in this chapter will contrast the tendencies of Condorcet, IRV and other rules using data from simulations.后来的一页本章将相反的趋势孔，通气和其他规则使用数据模拟。 The chapter on electing councils tells why many political scientists think the multi winner version of IRV, called Single Transferable Vote or STV, is the best rule for electing a council.一章选举委员会说，为什么许多政治学家认为，多版本的通气冠军，所谓的单一可转让投票或超视，是最好的规则，选举理事会。 And the chapter on setting policies will tell why IRV is a good rule to use when there is no Condorcet winner.章和制定政策上会告诉为什么通气是一个很好的规则时要使用没有孔赢家。 The next page in this chapter defines diverse rules for electing a single winner.下一页本章定义不同的规则产生一个赢家。 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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